The Origin and Evolution of the Universe Study

The Origin and Evolution of the Universe Study

Instructions/Descriptions

The Origin and Evolution of the Universe Study

Briefly summarize the Copernican Principle.

Who proposed that the sun (and not the earth) was the center of the solar system before Galileo?

Who confirmed that the universe included many more galaxies outside of our Milky Way galaxy?

WHY did Einstein feel he must assume that space had an expansive, ‘repulsive’ effect, called the ‘cosmological constant?

Who showed that most galaxies were moving away from us? Understand how this at first made Einsteins’ cosmological constant unnecessary.

Looking at two galaxies outside of our own, how can one determine if the galaxy is racing toward our galaxy, or zooming away from our galaxy?

If a galaxy is ‘red shifted’, what does that tell us? How about ‘blue shifted’? Are most galaxies red- or blue shifted?

The beginning of our universe is called…

How old is our universe? (b.t.w., some students say ‘4.5 billion years old’. Please do not do that!)

Attractive ‘nuclear’ forces are seen to hold together the particles that make the nucleus of atoms, and the ‘electromagnetic force’ holds electrons to protons (this is why atoms are a nucleus w/ protons + surrounding electrons). Of these two sorts of forces, which are stronger?

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The first nuclei to form (and later the 1st atoms) were almost entirely ———- & ———– .

What are by far the most abundant atoms in the universe? Why are they so abundant but other atoms less so?

Why would the early, cooling universe only allow nuclei to assemble, then (much later) atoms to assemble from those nuclei?

Why would the early, cooling universe only allow the smallest nuclei to form, then ‘cut off’ Big Bang nucleosynthesis?

The ‘first light’ to travel out from the early universe, 380,000 years after the Big Bang is today seen as the ————————————–.

So, can you state evidence for the big bang? It is only one, simple statement.

What are the TWO lines of evidence that specifically indicates the B.B. was a very hot event? There is other evidence, of course.  If you can tell me about “black body radiation” I would be very impressed!

What was cosmic inflation? What TWO lines of evidence is there that inflation influenced the early universe? [Many students think that evidence for inflation is the same thing as evidence for the hot big bang. They are DIFFERENT. Be sure to grasp this.]

What are the most abundant form of matter in the universe? What is a line of evidence for this super abundant matter? You may be curious to look up other evidence for this stuff, such as the rate of spinning of spiral galaxies. Its pretty amazing.

What is the most abundant form of energy in the universe?

What evidence is there for dark energy? Be careful not to confuse this with dark matter!

Summarize the eternal inflation model (E.I.M.) for the origin of the universe. According to the E.I.M…

— The big bang was a very hot event. Why does the hot big bang specifically point to its being the product of an energy conversion from something that existed before the B.B.?

—  According to the E.I.M., what came first? What came second? (The big bang or ‘inflationary’ dark energy).

Should we say that the E.I.M. is  how the universe began?

What is the ‘multiverse’?

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What makes the sun shine?

Given the periodic table of elements, explain how the naturally occurring elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were made. This involves various ‘things about stars’ here. Name a couple.

Given the curve showing the relative abundance of elements, explain the various ‘trends’ seen in the curve.

— Why are heavier elements less abundant than lighter elements? (Be sure to be pretty detailed about that one).

— Why is this curve ‘zig-zagged’? What sorts of atoms are found at the peaks versus the valleys?

— Why is H and He the most abundant? As we look out past Fe, why are those heaviest elements so rare?

We can say that your hydrogen atoms came from the B.B., and your other atoms were made from long dead stars. Why is that?

We can be pretty confident that the first stars in the universe could not have rocky planets orbiting them, let alone carbon-based life. Why?

If ALL stars were ~ the size of our sun, life would be impossible (!) Why is that?

What is the farthest possible distance that an alien civilization would have to be for it to be able to detect our transmissions? Why is that?

The Origin and Evolution of the Universe Study

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