Public Relations in Society Essay

JOU/3920 Public Relations in Society Essay

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JOU/3920 Public Relations in Society Essay

Annotated Bibliography

Ali, H. M., Boddy, J., O’Leary, P., & Ewart, J. (2017). Exploring the use of public relations in organising activism: Implications for addressing gender-based violence in the developing world. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 17(2), 46-61.

The authors of this study are of the view that public relations can create positive changes in society by offering various strategies that can be used to respond to gender-based violence. The main objective of this study was to explore how activism is organized using public relations.

The focus was in a developing world as they explored the implications of activism on gender-based violence. The authors found out that PR was being used in non-profit making organizations. Public relations were used as an individual communicative technique of organizing activists.

Alsaqer, L. (2018). Bridge between public relations education and culture: The perspectives of Bahraini female PR training practitioners. Media Watch, 9(3), 302-316.

The author of this paper uses qualitative analysis through a cultural approach to concluding female PR training students in Bahrain. The author analyzed the stereotypes and relationships of these women through bridging PR education to professional practice.

The study used cultural dimensions such as Hofstede (1994) and Hall (1976) in analyzing the data in addition to the theoretical concepts based on power and gender literature. It is crucial to note that this paper is the first to make conclusions of their study using primary data on female public relations education in Bahrain as well as exploring its impact on perceptions of female PR practitioners in power, image, and leadership role from a cultural angle.

Bell, S. E., Fitzgerald, J., & York, R. (2019). Protecting the power to pollute: Identity cooptation, gender, and the public relations strategies of fossil fuel industries in the United States. Environmental Sociology, 5(3), 323-338.

According to the authors of this study, there have been grassroots resistance among the people due to the environmental health risks which are associated with the use and production of fossil fuels. Their main objective in their study was to explore how these resistances have led to the reduction of pollution.

n their findings, they think that this resistance and the urge to protect the power to pollute has led to stricter rules and regulations, defeated pipelines, laws suits and bans on hydraulic fracturing, among other measures.

Brown, K. A., Waymer, D., & Zhou, Z. (2019). Racial and gender-based differences in the collegiate development of public relations majors: Implications for underrepresented recruitment and retention. Journal of Public Relations Education, 5(1), 1-30.

In this study, the authors wanted to find out whether race and gender affect the social development and educational experiences of public relations students during their collegiate careers. They found out that gender and race play a big role in the experiences of undergraduate students taking their courses in public relations.

Further, they found out that the whites had a positive experience educationally as well as females when compared to other races and men, respectively. Based on the findings, they proposed the recruitment and retention of an underrepresented group.

Erzikova, E., & Berger, B. K. (2016, May). Gender effect in Russian public relations: A perfect storm of obstacles for women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 56, 28- 36.

This study used the Russian population to examine how the professional leaders are being viewed from the gender perspective using a model of public relations leadership. The authors utilized both qualitative and quantitative studies to come into conclusions. They found out that the Russian men place less importance on leadership when compared to their women.

However, most females are normally hesitant in taking leadership roles due to the perfect storm of leadership roles. This means that they lack support from both the professional and educational systems. Therefore, most females in Russia assumed a traditional gender role, which makes them shy from leadership.

Fitch, K., James, M., & Motion, J. (2016). Talking back: Reflecting on feminism, public relations, and research. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 279-287.

This study uses diverse methods to explore public relations and feminism. The aim of the was to find out what critical-feminist research agenda might offer. They found out that there was under development in the feminist public relations scholarship. They further explored the tensions and debates that surround the feminist agenda of public relations.

The authors stretched their study around three broad themes, which are resistance, transgressions, and provocations. They point out that public relations scholarships and practices may be opened due to influence from feminist intelligence and modalities.

Kirat, M. (2018). The world of women in public relations practitioners in Qatar. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 9(9), 81-94.

This study investigates the working conditions, professional orientations, and backgrounds of the female PR practitioners in Qatar. The authors considered many factors such as professional values, nationalities, age public opinion and PR, PR ethics, job satisfaction, and information technology, among others, to draw their conclusions.

The study found out that 95% of the female PR practitioners in Qatar were nationals, and about 92% have a degree in PR, and they are married. The majority were in agreement that unethical methods should not be sued to achieved the goals of the organization for whatever reason. They also agreed on the PR in Qatar media liaising and publicity instead of using research and qualified personnel.

Place, K. R., & Vardeman-Winter, J. (2018). Where are the women? An examination of research on women and leadership in public relations. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 165-173.

It is the view of the authors of these articles that there is a notable absence of women from management and leadership positions despite the agreement that there is no difference between women and men. The authors of these studies used secondary analysis to explore gender scholarship and the state of women concerning the state of the communication discipline.

The researchers found out that there are highlights of women’s lackluster leadership presence, which has contributed greatly to the absence of women in the management and leadership roles. The authors recommend that is a need to change methodological approaches to women involved as well as their inclusion in research and leadership roles.

Sherwood, M., Nicholson, M., & Marjoribanks, T. (2018). Women working in sport media and public relations: no advantage in a male-dominated world. Communication Research and Practice, 4(2), 102-116.

It is the observation of this study that sports media overwhelmingly has males while public relations comprises of females. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women in media and public relations, as well as communication roles in Australian sport organizations. The study used primary research whereby it deployed 123 surveys and 16 interviews, which they analyzed to make conclusions.

The researchers found out that in the sports industry in Australian, there was an equal number of males and females. However, in the other variables, women were not equal. However, they conclude that the context within which women work is still gendered despite their involvement in most initially male-dominated fields.

Tench, R. (2017). One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? An Analysis of European PR Practitioners’ Views on the Position of Women in the PR Industry (2009-2015). Current Politics and Economics of Europe, 28(1).

The authors of this article state that previous findings have concluded that the public relations industry is gendered. There have also been reports concerning mentoring and networking, which has been reported recently by researchers. This study used a liberal feminism approach while embracing patriarchy’s radical feminism view to exploring the length at which feminism has gone to achieve equality between men and females.

The study found out that there is still gender inequality both in traditional areas as well as ass mentoring and job security. Despite efforts being put in place to address the issue of inequality, it is the conclusions of this study that it keeps on transforming, which makes it hard to be faced off.

Tench, R., Topić, M., & Moreno, A. (2017). Male and female communication, leadership styles and the position of women in public relations. Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture, 8(3), 231-248.

This study used the results from the European survey concerning public relations practitioners and communications about the position of women in the industry. There were 42 countries involved in the survey across Europe. Therefore, this study uses these results to discuss and present the results of managerial skills, traditional views, and communication styles among women using communication theories on differences among men and women.

The authors found out that men prefer personal forms of communication while women prefer non-personal formal ones. They concluded by stating that these findings went against the general view that women intimacy and building relationships.

Vardeman, J., Kennedy, A., & Little, B. (2019). Intersectional activism, history and public relations: New understandings of women’s communicative roles in anti-racist and anti-sexist work. In Public Relations, Society and the Generative Power of History, 96 112.

The authors of this study reviewed illustration intending to articulate both contemporary and historical intersections of gender and race. They consider different ways in which public relations was being written in the 1950s and 1960s. They used reappraisal versus traditional writing approaches in their analysis.

The authors also explored the raced and gendered subjects as PR practitioners or activists that operate in social oppressions’ complex systems. The authors are of the view that black men and women deployed political respectability to combat racism that existed among the middle and upper-class white Americans.

Vardeman-Winter, J., & Place, K. R. (2017). Still a lily-white field of women: The state of workforce diversity in public relations practice and research. Public Relations Review, 43(2) 326-336.

It is the view of the authors of this study that underrepresentation of women in public relations research and practice. This study reviewed articles from the previous 11 years to in which they found that there is great room for the practice to grow women into the workplace regardless of race or sexual orientation.

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The authors think that up to this stage, and there is a need for subsequent research focus on intersectional exploration, which links various practitioner’s experiences with negative outcomes as well as a positive effect. Directions for practical application and future research include systemic racism and examining eurocentrism in professional and the academic fields, overcoming issues of conducting quantitative research.

Yeomans, L., & Gondim Mariutti, F. (2016). Different lenses: Women’s feminist and postfeminist perspectives in Public Relations. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 6(12), 85-106.

The authors of this study are of the view that there is still an increase in gender parity in terms of pay between men and women in different industries in the United Kingdom. There have been numerous studies that have been carried especially in the United States, to determine the reasons why there is this disparity.

They found out that in most cases, this parity is driven by difficulties women face while trying to balance their careers and family. This study used exploratory and qualitative research approaches. The transcripts were then analyzed using reflexivity and narrative analysis. The authors found out complex and contradictory findings, which made it hard to make generalized concussions from their analysis.

References

Ali, H. M., Boddy, J., O’Leary, P., & Ewart, J. (2017). Exploring the use of public relations in organising activism: Implications for addressing gender-based violence in the developing world. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 17(2), 46-61.

Alsaqer, L. (2018). Bridge between public relations education and culture: The perspectives of Bahraini female PR training practitioners. Media Watch, 9(3), 302-316.

Bell, S. E., Fitzgerald, J., & York, R. (2019). Protecting the power to pollute: Identity cooptation, gender, and the public relations strategies of fossil fuel industries in the United States. Environmental Sociology, 5(3), 323-338.

Brown, K. A., Waymer, D., & Zhou, Z. (2019). Racial and gender-based differences in the collegiate development of public relations majors: Implications for underrepresented recruitment and retention. Journal of Public Relations Education, 5(1), 1-30. [Order Now]

Erzikova, E., & Berger, B. K. (2016, May). Gender effect in Russian public relations: A perfect storm of obstacles for women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 56, 28- 36.

Fitch, K., James, M., & Motion, J. (2016). Talking back: Reflecting on feminism, public relations and research. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 279-287.

Kirat, M. (2018). The world of women public relations practitioners in Qatar. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 9(9), 81-94.

Place, K. R., & Vardeman-Winter, J. (2018). Where are the women? An examination of research on women and leadership in public relations. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 165-173.

JOU/3920 Public Relations in Society Essay

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