Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project

Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project

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Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project

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Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project

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Florida National University

Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project

Heart failure is one of the most common types of chronic conditions among the elderly, which results into increased readmissions globally. This statistic is attributable to poor coordination and communication in the transition care settings. The various care settings include skilled nursing facilities, acute-care hospitals, long-standing care facilities and ambulatory stay (Naylor et al., 2017).

This research paper is aimed at investigating the reason for poor continuity of care in transition care facilities. A detailed literature review was performed regarding the standard of care in such settings for patients with heart failure. The research methodologies used include case study methods, interviews, and administration of questionnaires. Probability and non-probability methods including stratified sampling and convenience sampling were used as the sampling methodologies.

The necessary tools for data collection include questionnaires, interviews, schedules and observation techniques. In addition, an algorithm was created during this design phase. Thus, an insight into the design phase is sought and discussed herein.

Literature Review

Heart failure is a prolonged condition that has been highlighted as one of the top causes of public health complications in the world. The American Journal of Accountable care provides detailed information on heart failure as a public health problem. According to this journal, there are numerous causes of readmission of patients undergoing the transition care model (A Literature Review of Heart Failure Transitional Care Interventions, 2019).

The journal highlights various issues, such as early discharge, poor management of underlying problems, poor coordination among key stakeholders and early discharge of patients as the major causes of readmission. All such issues can, however, be prevented and thus this research will discuss some of the coping methods. In addition, the US medical beneficiaries discuss the quality and safety in the transition care model (Teno et al. , 2018).

Some of the beneficiaries state their experiences following being admitted into the transition care model. This article complements the previous article by adding real life case study analysis of patients who have been previously admitted to the transition care. Further, interviews of clinicians working in the transition care model are highlighted with an explanation of failure to conduct follow up visits of particular patients.

The American Journal of Public Health explores the affordability of the transition care and the quality of care that some patients can be able to afford. The article has explored the different forms of care based on affordability from the cheapest to the most expensive (Hirschman et al., 2015). This research has shown that since most patients are not able to afford the premium packages, they acquiring poor quality of care.

A randomized clinical trial has also been conducted testing patient home based care (Adepoju et al. , 2015). This study involved collecting data and observing willing patients who were undergoing the transition care model and writing down their experiences. Given such extensive research, the study has filled in the gaps of the previous articles in that the patients were keenly observed and all their experiences duly registered. Thus, these articles form a basis for this research project for they provide the researchers with a founding ground of conducting their research.

Methodology and Design of the Study

The research methods used in this study include case studies, interviews, as well as questionnaires. The case study entails an analysis of patients who were undergoing the transition care model. The selected patients must be willing to participate in the study and provide accurate feedback on their progress. The case study will be undertaken within the period of the admission of the patient into the hospital to determine their experiences when they are subjected to the transition care model and whether they are readmitted to hospital or released to ambulatory stay.

During the case study, detailed interviews and observations of the patients willing to take part in the research can be conducted. A longitudinal study can be conducted where the patients undergoing the transition care model are observed throughout the process. Such an approach is beneficial for research purposes and can be used as a research methodology for the research project.

Interviews are also an important form of research methodology that can be used. The researcher will conduct interviews with everyone who is affected by the transition care system including the patients, their care takers, family, as well as the clinicians and the nurses. The reasons for poor continuity of care include lack of follow ups from the physicians and therefore it is important to interview them and establish the reason for such behaviour.

Additionally, most family members and care givers lack the necessary information regarding the best forms of care for their patients, which makes them an important part of data collection (Adepoju et al. , 2015). The patients can be interviewed and allowed to express their thoughts regarding the possible improvements. Additionally, questionnaires can be administered to the same group of individuals. These questionnaires allow individuals to express their genuine opinions privately by answering multiple choice questions, closed questions, and open ended questions. Thus, questionnaires and interviews are a critical aspect of the methodology of the research.

Sampling Methodology

The sampling methodology for this research will entail both the probability sampling and the non-probability sampling methods. In the probability sampling method, stratified sampling can be employed. This approach will involve dividing the group of people for the study into subgroups that share common interests. All physicians and nurses for instance could be placed into one group whereas the patients and their care givers could belong to another group. The study can also be done in three different settings where results will be compared for patients from one hospital to those from another hospital.

This form of sampling is important for it ensures accurate estimation of health outcomes in the transition care setting. Such a projected result can be attributed to the increased representation, which in turn reduces sampling biases. Non-probability sampling will also be a key feature of sampling method for this research. In this case, convenience sampling will be used, which entails selecting participants based on their willingness to cooperate and their availability for the study. Thus, stratified and convenience sampling are the two important sampling methods that can be used for this research.

Necessary Tools

The necessary tools for the research include questionnaires, interviews, schedules, and observations for data collection. The questionnaires deal with significant and important topics which are carefully stated, complete, short and clear. Interviews are the most important tools for they provide flexibility during the research phase. They can be adjusted to suit the population being interview and therefore improve the chances of collecting accurate data. The interviews allow for deep and direct research, examination of the known information and exploring past and future information.

Schedules can be used as necessary tools for data collection where researcher questionnaires can be used for interview purposes. This approach increases the percentage of responses, makes it possible to observe other factors and any defects can be detected and corrected immediately. On the other hand, observations will serve an expressed research purpose. They are methodically planned, and require employment of personal skills and can be administered formally and informally. Thus, these tools are important for they will ensure necessary data collection.

Algorithms and Flow Maps Created

Various algorithms for the research were created in order to help the researcher to follow a systematic form during the study. The flow maps summarise the steps of investigation and highlight the important aspects of the study.

( Screening H eart failure patients medical records Co nfirm eligibility through communication with ph ysicians and also obtain written referral s )

( Enro l ment Invite study participants who are heart failure patients I nformed consent form should be signed Obtain demographic data baseline (quality of life, symptom intensity , and function al status) )

( Randomization to enhance data representation of entire population )

( Usual care systems ) ( Usual care plus transferred into the transition care model )

( Outcome measures quarterly within a period of a year post enrolment Readmission rate Quality of life Symptom intensity Functional status Satisfaction of care )

Conclusion

In conclusion, the design phase is focused on conducting a detailed research regarding the care for patients with heart failure in the transition care settings. A thorough literature research has been conducted regarding transition care model and the continuity of care being offered in these setups. Most of the causes of readmission in hospitals can be avoided if some changes are implemented in the care plan of these patients.

The methodology and design of this research will be comprised of case study methods, interviews, and administration of questionnaires. The sampling methodology will involve the procedure of subdividing the interested parties into subgroups for accuracy and efficiency. The necessary tools for data collection and analysis have also been highlighted including interviews, schedule completions, questionnaires and observations. Various flow charts for the study have been developed to ensure the study is conducted in a systematic manner and that all aspects of the study have been considered. Thus, the design phase of this research project has been discussed and analysed in this paper.

References

A Literature Review of Heart Failure Transitional Care Interventions. (2019). AJMC. Retrieved from https://www.ajmc.com/journals/ajac/2017/2017-vol5-n3/a-literature-review-of-heart-failure-transitional-care-interventions.

Adepoju, O. E., Preston, M. A., & Gonzales, G. (2015). Health care disparities in the post–Affordable Care Act era. American Journal of Public Health, 105(S5), S665-S667.

Hirschman, K. B., Shaid, E., McCauley, K., Pauly, M. V., & Naylor, M. D. (2015). Continuity of care: The transitional care model. Online J Issues Nurs, 20(3), 17-32.

Naylor, M. D., Hirschman, K. B., Hanlon, A., Barg, R., McCauley, K., Shaid, E., & Pauly, M. (2017). Testing the patient-centered medical home plus transitional care model. Innovation in aging, 764-764.

Teno, J. M., Gozalo, P., Trivedi, A. N., Bunker, J., Lima, J., Ogarek, J., & Mor, V. (2018). Site of death, place of care, and health care transitions among US Medicare beneficiaries, 2000-2015. Jama, 320(3), 264-271.

Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project

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