Module 3 Discussion PCR Technologies Essay

Module 3 Discussion PCR Technologies Essay

Instructions/Descriptions

Module 3 Discussion PCR Technologies Essay

Most technologies were initially discovered at university research labs and then development of the technology often occurred both in university and industry labs. However, PCR is a technology which originated at a company, Cetus, and was later acquired and developed by Roche initially for diagnostics and Applied Biosystems for research applications. University labs did not help develop PCR until products (components used to set up PCR such as Taq polymerase and thermal cyclers) were on the market which enabled them to work with it. Please discuss the following:

• Task 1: Once Roche acquired rights to PCR from Cetus and they started to collaborate with Applied Biosystems to produce the necessary components to carry out PCR, it became evident to many companies the huge potential the technology had for diagnostics. However, Roche also recognized the potential (which is why they acquired all rights to PCR from Cetus) and made it very expensive for companies to license the technology for clinical diagnostics on the order of several hundreds of millions of dollars with additional royalty payments for products sold. Companies like Abbott tried to avoid paying the steep costs of accessing PCR for diagnostics by developing workaround technologies, such as ligase chain reaction (LCR) which worked, and products were developed but it was not quite as robust as PCR. The companies spent hundreds of millions of dollars to develop the technologies and quite a few of the larger companies had to head back to Roche and pay licensing fees with royalties (though a bit less expensive since years had passed and there was less time that Roche had patent protection for their fundamental PCR patents). If you were the head of a large diagnostics company, how would you make a decision as to whether you license a technology or try to develop a workaround technology? What are key factors or parameters you would use to attempt to make such a decision?  Please justify the points you make for your response using external sources such as lectures, assigned readings, journal articles and reputable websites. Make sure that all external sources of information are referenced and have appropriate in-text citations (APA style).

• Task 2: For the TaqMan (real-time PCR) technology, Roche was highly protective of that technology even when they licensed it out to Applied Biosystems (AB). AB had to go through Roche before it could release any new TaqMan products. Why do you think Roche was so strict with the commercialization of the TaqMan technology? Please justify the points you make for your response using external sources such as lectures, assigned readings, journal articles and reputable websites. Make sure that all external sources are referenced and have appropriate in-text citations (APA style).

Module 3 Discussion PCR Technologies Essay

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Post your original response early in the week. The original post is due on Thursday, January 27, 2022, by 11:59 pm MST. Then return later to respond to the posts of at least two of your peers, by the end of the course week. Each of the responses should utilize external sources to support the points you are making to your peers and be sure to reference those sources with corresponding in-text citations.

The responses are due on Sunday, January 30, 2022, by 11:59 pm MST. Your instructor will evaluate your participation according to the rubric for this discussion.

To be able to be eligible for full credit, each post (including responses to your peers) should have at least one reference/citation for an external source of information such as research articles, lectures, websites, etc. The references and citations should follow the APA style guidelines.

The responses to the posts of at least two other classmates and do not just agree or state that something is interesting. Try to share deeper thoughts and experiences with your peers based on their posts. Please post your response(s) by the overall due date for this discussion. Your instructor will evaluate your participation according to the assignment rubric (to access the rubric, click on the three vertical dots at the top left and then click on the rubric). Late assignments will be subject to a 15% of the total points deduction for each day that it is turned in after the due date (partial days count as a full day).

This activity is worth 50 points.

Assignment Rubric

1. APA Formatting. References and in-text citations must be formatted according to APA style standards. (5 pts). Both references and citations are properly formatted.

2. Task 1: Workaround technologies. This requires two major deliverables. First is description of the general approach one would use to decide whether a large company should license a key technology like PCR or pursue a workaround technology to avoid the high cost of a license with royalty payment obligations. The second deliverable is an extension of the first which is to describe the key parameters used to make the decision described in the first part. (15 pts). This provides a clear and detailed account for the two deliverables for Task 1. Task 1 description should be between 125-300 words in length. There should be at least one reference with a corresponding citation for this task.

3. Task 2: Roche control of TaqMan products from Applied Biosystems

This requires a well thought out rationalization for the strict nature of Roche’s highly controlling oversight of the research use only (RUO) products Applied Biosystems was developing using the TaqMan technology licensed from Roche. This needs to take into consideration Roche’s intent for commercializing TaqMan products for the market segment it is focused on. (15 pts). This provides a clear, insightful and detailed account when addressing the prompt for Task 2. Task 2 portion of the post should be between 100-300 words in length. There should be at least one reference with a corresponding citation for this task.

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4. Responses to peers (This section will be done after the original post)

There should be posts responding to at least two peers. The responses should be insightful and goes beyond what the peer wrote. Need to avoid simple statements of agreement. There should be supporting information from external sources which require being listed as references with corresponding in-text citations. (15 pts)

There are at least two responses to peers which are between 100-250 word in length for each response. The response must be clear and insightful which expands the scope of what the peer wrote in their original post. Each post must have at least one reference with a corresponding in-text citation.

Module 3 Discussion PCR Technologies Essay

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