Good Farm Company Research Essay

MOD004162 Good Farm Company Research Essay

Instructions/Descriptions

MOD004162 Good Farm Company Research Essay

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Assessment on this Module

The assessment for this module consists of two elements. Final submission dates for elements of assessment vary.

All forms of assessment must be submitted by the published deadline which is detailed above. It is your responsibility to know when work is due to be submitted – ignorance of the deadline date will not be accepted as a reason for late or non-submission.

Assessment Case: Supply Chain at The Good Farm Company[footnoteRef:1] [1: This case is adapted from Stephan van Dijk, Jack van der Vorst and Adrie Beulens, but data have been changed for reasons of commercial confidentiality.]

Introduction

At The Good Farm Company, a large poultry processor in the Netherlands, the working day starts very early in the morning. Before a single cock-a-doodle has sounded, live chickens are delivered at the processing plant where they are cleaned, processed, packed and stored. The next day, packages of fresh poultry meat are distributed to several large retail distribution centres and a large number of smaller retail stores.

In the evening of that second day, many people will enjoy their chicken Tandoori or fried chicken leg. The product is simple and the whole operation seems efficiently executed. However, at the weekly plenary meeting of senior managers, a serious discussion arises. The Sales Manager complains that the delivery performance has decreased in the last couple of months. Moreover, he complains that retailers are less satisfied with the quality of products they receive.

Product freshness and product weight have not been according to specifications several times this month. The Operations and Purchase Managers respond with the remark that the sales department makes sales-agreements with retail that cannot be met in such a short time. They want to know in advance information on promotional activity so they can respond more effectively. They want to have better forecasts of future sales so they can match the supply of chicken with the demand for poultry products.

This discussion sounded very familiar to the General Manager. He has already heard the complaints of the senior managers many times. Last year they implemented some major improvements to their production line. It now operates more efficiently, with shorter set-up times and less waste. In addition, the coordination between the sales department and operations has been improved.

A new planning system has been set up and more frequent meetings between sales and operations have been initiated. The General Manager wonders if, in the big scheme of things, these improvements actually were effective at all and had any real impact on performance to consumers. He thinks it is time to take a broader perspective on their problem. Flexibility is needed not only in their own operations, but in the whole supply chain, as the processes in their supply chain are so strongly coupled.

Market developments

The food and retail market that The Good Farm Company serves is very dynamic. During recent years, the product assortment of most retailers has increased by a factor of four to five times. A single retail outlet used to store 4000 to 5000 different products; now it has 20 000 to 30 000 different products. Obviously, this has had an effect on the assortment of The Good Farm Company itself.

It introduced a large number of new fresh poultry products to remain competitive. Poultry meat was packed in more variations and combinations, and processed in many more different ways. It introduced new seasonings and microwaveable ready-meals based on poultry products. Its own assortment grew from 100 different products to 450 different products and product variations.

Although it introduced a large number of original and easy-to-prepare poultry products, most of its turnover was still generated by straightforward commodity poultry products. These commodity products typically have low profit margins. Low cost is, for most food products in the Netherlands, still an absolute market-winning factor. This holds true for the end consumer who buys The Good Farm Company’ products in retail outlets, and for the retailer, who is the direct customer of The Good Farm Company.

One could argue that, because of the growing attention on food safety and the recent outbreaks of animal disease in Europe, guaranteed product quality is becoming more and more a market-winning factor. The Good Farm Company is audited many times a year by its customers and by independent food safety and quality organisations. Everybody at The Good Farm Company realises that if its food quality and quality management systems are not up to standards, it will be out of business very soon.

Demand and product characteristics

The demand for poultry products by end consumers shows a very variable pattern and seems unpredictable. This may look strange at first sight, but is explained by the heavy use of promotional activities at the retail stage in the supply chain (which are not always communicated in detail to The Good Farm Company). The size of the consumer reaction to a promotion is not easy to predict.

If there were no promotional activities, the demand of end consumers actually shows a more or less seasonal pattern, which is relatively predictable.

The promotional activities initiated by the larger retail companies place heavy strains on The Good Farm Company and the upstream supply chain. An opportunity to level demand is to eliminate all promotional activities.

However, this encounters much resistance from the retail companies involved; promotions of poultry products are a favourite instrument for competitors to bring in new customers. Meat products are the most expensive components of evening meals, and a reduction of sales price is therefore very appealing to consumers.

In addition, the poultry processor itself initiates promotional activities. This is, in most cases, motivated by the need to sell overproduction of products. Overproduction of specific poultry products will always occur, because the demand for the different component poultry products is not equal or ‘balanced’. Wings, chicken breast and legs are all part of the same chicken but demand for each product is not the same most of the time.

An important characteristic of fresh poultry products is ‘product perishability’. Processed poultry stays fresh for a limited number of days, after which the quality deteriorates and the products are not allowed to be sold for human consumption. Product freshness is an important performance indicator in the poultry supply chain.

Retail companies demand the highest product freshness possible. One can see that there exists a strong relationship between product freshness, lead-times and inventory turnaround. If turnaround is low and lead-times are long, the chance of product obsolescence increases. All products of which the best-before date has been exceeded are written off and sold to downstream food-processing industries for a lower price.

Furthermore, the end of the supply chain is characterised by very short required lead-times (retail companies demand a delivery time of between 18 and 48 hours). Retail companies place their orders every day and products are delivered on a high frequency (many times per week).

Because of the small lead-times, stock is held at the poultry processor. The required service levels for poultry products are high. The poultry processor has to comply with a minimum delivery reliability of 99 per cent, even in the case of promotions.

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Supply characteristics

The supply chain of The Good Farm Company can be characterised as a chain of strongly interconnected processes with minimal possibilities for buffering of products and materials. This is caused by the nature of the ‘product’ exchanges in the supply chain. At the hatchery, eggs are hatched during three weeks and the new-born chickens are immediately transported to the broiler houses.

At the broiler houses, chickens are fattened over nine weeks and, when reaching the agreed delivery date or specified weight, delivered to the poultry processor. Because the ‘goods flow’ in this supply chain concerns living chickens, processes cannot be buffered very easily and short-term coordination is of utmost importance. The average lead-times of each phase in the production of chickens and poultry products are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Overview of The Good Farm Company’ supply chain

The chickens supplied by the broiler houses have to comply with specific quality characteristics. Chickens have to be from certain races, of a specific weight, fattened with high-quality certified feed, and fattened according to several quality systems (such as HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) and the Dutch Integral Chain Control policy for poultry).

Only broiler houses and hatcheries that comply with these quality specifications are allowed to supply The Good Farm Company. These high-quality specifications are necessary to guarantee the food safety of the consumer product. The number of certified broiler houses and hatcheries that are able to supply to The Good Farm Company is therefore limited.

Because of the longer lead-times upstream of the poultry supply chain, the planned volume of supply is not easily changed. If estimated demand exceeds the planned supply it is possible to purchase chickens from other broiler houses, but only if they are able to comply with the mentioned quality specifications. Another option is for The Good Farm Company to purchase finished poultry products from other poultry processors.

Most of the time these products have to be repacked and have different quality characteristics with regard to weight and processing procedures. These different quality characteristics sometimes give rise to complaints from the retail companies. However, the purchase of finished poultry product from other processors does not have the disadvantage of overproduction of divergent poultry products at The Good Farm Company itself.

Matching supply and demand

In short, demand uncertainty is relatively high. As a result, the need for production capacity, and thus the need for raw materials (living chickens) fluctuates. The production capacity itself is planned for maximum utilisation (to keep production costs per kg of product as low as possible) resulting in low production flexibility.

Finally, the supply of certified chickens from suppliers has to be planned 12 weeks ahead because of the duration of the hatching and fattening stages. The potential for buffering and inventory storage is limited in the supply chain since the quality of the supply of chickens and of the consumer products will deteriorate.

The General Manager and all other employees of The Good Farm Company are faced with the above-mentioned characteristics of market supply and demand every day. For the General Manager it is clear that a better match of supply and demand within the supply chain is of central concern. The improvements he is looking for have to fit in the company’s supply chain and in an overall supply chain operations strategy.

He thinks that taking the whole supply chain as a starting point for the analysis prevent a narrow-minded focus on local company problems and solutions. The General Manager wants to find solutions that are from the ‘outside in’ instead of the ‘inside out’.

Defining a supply chain operations strategy

At The Good Farm Company, the General Manager and the other managers find it hard to choose between a lean and an agile strategy. During the last couple of years they have predominantly focused on leanness and efficiency improvements. However, their commodity poultry products do not show a relatively stable demand, as already mentioned. On the contrary, demand is relatively unpredictable and shows similarity with the demand pattern of innovative products.

Moreover, the importance of product availability is increasing as relative shelf-space in the retail outlets is becoming smaller and the total assortment in the outlet has grown enormously. They realise that responsiveness is needed in their supply chain, but that physical costs and quality are still of utmost importance due to low profit margins Maybe a combination of a lean and agile operations strategy, a so-called hybrid strategy, is the solution?

A hybrid supply chain operations strategy means that part of the supply chain adopts a lean approach and the other part is geared towards agility and responsiveness. The challenge for The Good Farm Company is to find the right combination of leanness and agility.

The General Manager understands that a central notion in a hybrid ‘lean and agile’ strategy is the supply chain decoupling point. Processes upstream from this decoupling point could focus on leanness; processes downstream from the decoupling point could focus on agility.

He starts to consider two types of decoupling points. First, the information decoupling point (IDP) – this represents the furthest point to which information on real final demand penetrates the supply chain. Upstream from the IDP, processes could be forecast driven and based on planning; downstream processes could be demand driven and based on real-time demand. The idea here is that the IDP should lie as far as possible upstream in the supply chain.

Second, there’s the material decoupling point (MDP), at which strategic inventory is held in as generic a form as possible. This is closely related to the concept of ‘postponement’, or ‘delayed configuration’. By delaying product differentiation, one delays as far as possible the moment when different product versions assume their unique identity, thereby gaining the greatest possible (mix) flexibility in responding to changing consumer demands.

This resembles the production control situation ‘assemble to order’ – the fabrication process is standardised and the assembly and distribution processes are customised. Postponement is based on the principle of seeking to design products using common platforms, components or modules but where the final assembly or customisation does not take place until the final market destination and/or customer requirement is known.

Downstream from the MDP, products or goods are differentiated to specific customers or markets. Upstream from this point (production) processes are ‘generic’, which means no customer or market-specific attributes or value is added to the products. Ideally the MDP should lie downstream in the supply chain and as close to the final marketplace as possible.

Finding a good location of the material decoupling point is, according to the General Manager, of central importance to the solution of the problems at The Good Farm Company. Delaying the point of product differentiation could solve a part of its matching problem because in several cases the amount of raw material supplied seemed sufficient, but the wrong amount of product variants had been produced and demand could not be met.

Because of the divergent product structure of poultry products, opportunities for postponement seem obvious: the divergent structure naturally offers ‘modular and common components’. Moreover, taking a closer look at the current information decoupling point and information exchange in its supply chain could generate several improvement opportunities it would not have identified before.

Postponement and the material decoupling point

At The Good Farm Company, several customer and consumer-specific product variants are produced. The end consumer has the choice between several volume variants at the retail outlet. For instance, he or she can choose between 4, 6 or 10 chicken legs in a pack (three product variants).

Moreover, each retail company has its own specifically labelled and packaged poultry products (private labels). So, the two customer/market-specific attributes that will be addressed are ‘retail-specific label variant’ and ‘consumer-specific volume variant’. Two production processes are related to these attributes:

1. The packaging process, at which a specific number of components, for example chicken legs, are combined into one pack (or stock-keeping unit).
2. The labelling process, at which a retailer-specific label is printed and attached to each product.

The position of the MDP relative to these processes could be in one of three places, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Postponement options at The Good Farm Company

The processed semi-finished poultry products are perishable. This means that products can only be held in stock for a limited time span before they become non-consumable, or obsolete. The vacuum packaging of semi-finished components in very small batches extends the lifetime of these components.

When components are stored together in large batches (not vacuum packed), quality deteriorates much faster and the risks of cross-contamination increase, for example, the spread of salmonella bacteria. At this time, the costs associated with advanced forms of meat storage which do not have the above-mentioned drawbacks are too high compared to the costs associated with reduced mix flexibility of strategic inventory.

These quality and cost constraints also apply to the postponement of the packaging or labelling process further downstream – to the distribution centre, for instance. Moreover, packaging of fresh poultry products at the distribution centre requires an advanced production line in a low-temperature environment. This is only feasible if more fresh meat products are packaged at the distribution centre (for reasons of economies of scale).

Improving information exchange in the supply chain

As stated before, the information decoupling point concerns the most recent undistorted information about past sales. Downstream of the IDP each stage in the supply chain has the same view on marketplace demand, and is able to coordinate its distribution and production activities accordingly. The difference between IDP information and actual end consumer orders is important – there are two alternative positions of the IDP, as shown in Figure 3.

The enhanced information exchange about past sales (Situation 1 shown in Figure 3) could benefit The Good Farm Company and its supply chain. However, the exchange of information about past sales only is probably not enough to accomplish major improvements.

As a large part of total demand is generated by promotional activities, longer-term information about future promotions, but also about category management decisions at the retail outlets concerning the product assortment, needs to be communicated to The Good Farm Company at an earlier stage and on a more structural basis.

Cooperation between retail companies and The Good Farm Company on promotional activities should be extended. The information about promotions and category management can be characterised as middle-term tactical information in the supply chain. This information tells a lot about the tactical movements of the retail companies and therefore has to be handled with great care.

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Concluding remarks

The General Manager and senior managers find the first explorations of designing an effective supply chain strategy and supply chain improvements very promising. They decide that The Good Farm Company should continue to find solutions from a supply chain perspective. Postponing the packaging or labelling process in their operations is an important option which they will work out in more detail.

The Operations and Logistics Manager will form a project team that will address these details. The improvement of the exchange of information in the supply chain will be given high by sales and operations managers throughout the organisation.

At the plenary meeting, the above mentioned findings are presented. At the end of the meeting everybody has his and her own thoughts and doubts about the proposed improvements. Everybody agrees that a supply chain operations strategy that combines the lean and agile paradigms is most feasible, but how to implement this is still not very clear to some managers.

In particular, the improvement of the exchange of tactical information about promotions does not seem very easy to accomplish. The General Manager acknowledges this and wants to set up a project team with one of the company’s main customers to explore in more detail how to improve the planning of promotional activities. He feels an important step has been made in developing a cost-efficient, high-quality and responsive poultry supply chain.

Element 010 – GROUP PRESENTATION 20 MINUTES (30%)

Prepare a 20 minute group presentation on the assessment case (Supply Chain at The Good Farm Company) for the questions:

How might The Good Farm Company combine a lean and an agile approach in its supply chain? How would the company’s supply chain strategy impact its performance?

What are the relative merits of each possible position of the material decoupling point and of the information decoupling point? How do they relate to each other with respect to supply chain planning and control?

Your presentation should be presented in business style and will be submitted as a video. Your team presentation will be marked as follows:

MOD004162 Supply Chain Performance Management 2019-2020 Trimester 2

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Element 011 – INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2000 WORDS (70%)

MOD004162 Good Farm Company Research Essay

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