Memorandum Of Telephone Conversation Final Paper

December 6, 2022

Memorandum Of Telephone Conversation Final Paper

Order Number	636738393092
Type of Project	ESSAY
Writer Level	PHD VERIFIED
Format	APA
Academic Sources	10
Page Count	3-12 PAGES

Instructions/Descriptions

Memorandum Of Telephone Conversation Final Paper

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Grading of your final paper: I will assess your papers on the basis of three broadly defined

factors.

First: quality of your writing. By this, I’m looking at how well you convey your

thoughts. Important considerations:

1) use of short, concise sentences, 2) no wordiness (use fewer words), 3)

no passive voice

Second: quality of your paper’s structure. I will look for:

1) A short, succinct intro (2-3 sentences for the short papers / 4-6 for

the , 2) thesis statement 3) a roadmap 4) properly formatted

paragraphs that have strong topic sentences which correspond to

your roadmap 5) conclusion that sums up your argument and places it

in a broader context

Third: quality of your analytical argument and your success in proving it

The paper will be based on primary sources covering some aspect of U.S. foreign policy during

the years 1945 to 1968. (I strongly recommend that you use tailor your paper around what is

available online at https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments.) I will offer a voluntary

session on how to use the documents on this site.

Formatting and other specification:

7-10 pages in length for the final paper. This means at least 7 full pages at the very least.

This does not include the bibliography or the endnotes

12 point, Times New Roman Font
Pages number at the bottom right-hand corner in the footer
Using the header function, in the upper right or left hand header, include only your

name and title of assignment. For example: Rotramel – Final Paper. (Put your header

where the header to this document is.) Do not add any more information at all. (Do not

add my name, the course number, date, etc.)

Do not add a title or a title page.
Do not add titles or headings to anything: no paragraph titles/headings, no section

titles/headings.

Final Paper Guide

o The thinking behind this is that good writing – with clear topic sentences –

obviates the need for subheadings or titles, which tend to be used far too much,

and, unfortunately, also tend to replace solid topic sentences. (See the Writing

Guide about topic sentences)

Normal 1” margins.
Double spacing, no extended spacing between paragraphs.
A word MS (.doc or .docx) or PDF (no google docs) submitted through Blackboard (note:

Blackboard submission means that your paper will be matched against an extensive

database to prevent plagiarism)

Use quotations very sparingly or, preferable, never. If the actual wording of the author

is critical to your argument, you may quote that phrase or sentence, but only with it is

critical. Never use block quotes, and never add a quote that is longer than one sentence.

Citations: use Endnotes. If you don’t know how to use endnotes, look this up on the

internet. They are like footnotes, but the appear at the end of the paper

A bibliography is required if you choose to use secondar sources (more on this below).

Sources:

Number of primary source documents required: between 10 and 25. 10 is the absolute

minimum. If you go over 25, do so with caution.

For our purposes, in order for a primary source document to count as one of our

required 10-25 documents, they must be once classified (now declassified), internal

United States Government (USG) documents.

o Since you’ll be using US government documents, your arguments will have to be

based on what Washington was doing or what it knew. However, you can

analysis events on the ground through the huge number of reports created by

USG agencies (State, CIA, DOD, NSC, etc).

Primary source documents are only cited in your endnotes, not in the bibliography.
There are other types of primary source documents that you can still use if you want to.

However, they do not count toward your required 10-25 documents. Examples of these

other primary source documents include speeches, press releases, newspaper articles,

remarks, or Editorial Notes in FRUS. (Note: a speech is not an internal USG document

Final Paper Guide

because it is for public consumption, thus it does not count toward our 10-25

documents.)

These other types of primary source documents (speeches, press releases) are also to be

cited in your endnotes, not in your bibliography.

You are free to use up to three secondary/academic sources, but you are not required

to use any.

Secondary Sources are the only thing that appears in the bibliography. List your sources

in the in the Chicago Style in the bibliography page at the end of your essay. If you don’t

use secondary sources, then you will not have a bibliography.

A secondary source is a published book, article, memoir, or autobiography. These are

written or (at least published) long after the fact.

If you cite a specific page or passage from a secondary source, that citation goes in an

endnote, and the book is still listed in the bibliography. (Remember to use quotes only

sparingly – it’s much, much preferable to paraphrase).

If you do choose to use a secondary source, you would do so by taking these authors

arguments to support your own analysis. These sources should be relatively important

or experts on the topic that you choose. If you have any doubt about what qualifies as a

qualified source, please ask me.

o What defines an academic source is that they come from academic presses,

whether journal articles, edited volumes, or monographs. This means they are

peer-reviewed. For example, a book published by a university press is a very

good academic source. Journals like Modern Asian Studies, or Pacific Historical

Review, or Central European History are examples of academic journals. JSTOR is

an excellent database to find these sources.

DO I NEED A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ENDNOTES?

You only need a bibliography if you use/reference secondary sources (books, articles, etc). If

you use secondary sources (which are not required for this assignment), not only should you list

them in the bibliography, but you will cite them in your endnotes as well if you point to a

specific page in that book or article. I’m not terribly concerned about the exact format of the

bibliography or the endnotes, though I prefer Chicago. I just need to know the basic

information about your sources and how I can find them. Include in the endnotes hyperlinks for

the documents you use.

Final Paper Guide

If you don’t use secondary sources, which is perfectly fine, then you don’t need a bibliography.

Your citations for your primary documents (the documents that you found in FRUS) will be in

the form of endnotes. If you are unfamiliar with endnotes, search the internet on how to do

endnotes.

WHAT WILL MY ENDNOTES LOOK LIKE?

Endnotes (not footnotes) will include date of document, type of document, sender and

receiver, if applicable, and source.

Here are some examples:

Memorandum from Scowcroft to Bush, March 1, 1989

(https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=3402676-Document-14-

Scowcroft-to-Bush-Getting-Ahead-of)

Bush – Kohl, memorandum of Telephone Conversation [or just write

“Telcon” for short], February 13, 1990

(https://bush41library.tamu.edu/files/select-documents/telcon2-13-

90.pdf)

Bush – Mulroney, memorandum of conversation [or just write “Memcon”

for short], February 10, 1989

(https://bush41library.tamu.edu/files/memcons-telcons/1989-02-10–

Mulroney%20[1].pdf)

National Security Review 10, U.S. Policy Toward the Persian Gulf,

February 22, 1989 (https://bush41library.tamu.edu/files/nsr/nsr10.pdf)

“Remarks at the Annual Conservative Political Action Conference Dinner,”

Public Papers, March 2, 1984

(https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/remarks-annualconservative-political-action-conference-dinner-0)

Memorandum from Helms to Nixon, January 6, 1969,

(https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v02/d179)

Memorandum to Brzezinski, August 25, 1978

(https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/icotr/Argentina-Carter-Reganand-Bush-VP-Part-1.pdf)

Final Paper Guide

Memorandum for the Record [or just write “Memrec”], ARA-CIA Weekly

Meeting, August 3, 1976

(https://foia.state.gov/Search/Results.aspx?caseNumber=O-2016-16244)

Topics

Topic should fall somewhere between 1945 and 1868. You can focus on a single event,

or on bilateral relations with one country (either over time, or at a given point in

history). You can also focus on medium or longer term issues. You can compare different

events in the same time period, or comparable events in different time periods. I

suggest that you focus on a single administration or single event.

You should center your content around an analytical thesis. Use the documents to

support your argument.

o The key here is to look at why things happened the way they did. What caused

decisions to be made, or did events overtake decisions? Who or what made

policy? Why were certain policies different than other policies? Why did policies

fail? Why did actors perceive failures as success? Etc.

Your argument will be history based, using primary source documents (as opposed to

analyzing the work of historians).

Thesis

At the most basic level, a thesis could be something along the lines of the following

examples (note that these examples do not fall within our time period, they are only to

be used to get you to start thinking):

In the beginning of his first term, Reagan treated an issue/country

differently than he later told people. Here you could find documents

describing the initial treatment of the issue/country and comparing this

to how he publicly admitted. Here you could use the Public Papers and

compare his statements to his private communications.

Or you could argue about a “deciding factor.” For example, Reagan, who

initially supported Argentina, backed the UK during the Falklands crisis

because of a key deciding factor. Here you could argue that it was one of

his advisors that convinced him to follow a certain policy. You could then

argue that that key advisor battled other advisors to implement this

policy. Or, in this example, you could determine how this non-support for

Argentina affected US-Argentina relations down the road.

Final Paper Guide

You could use the “point of no return” argument. Here you point to an

event or a date that that portends the inevitable. For example, instead of

seeing the fall of the Shah in Iran as Carter’s fault (a popular view), you

could show that it was really the Ford administration’s poor handling of

US-Iranian relations that was the structural cause of the Shah’s weakness

(and the CIA’s disregard of political Islam).

You could argue that two things that appear unconnected are really

connected. For Example, the strike against the US Marine barracks in

Beirut and the invasion of Grenada (two days later).

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You could analyze how one policy objective completely overshadowed

another. For example, the Carter administration completely changed

course with Pakistan after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. Before the

invasion, Carter imposed sanctions against Pakistan for building a nuclear

capability, but after the invasion administration offered Pakistan

everything. You could argue that this about face failed for three reasons.

Perhaps you could argue interagency conflict was the real reason behind

an event, or how an event affected the interagency relationship (look up

Operation Eagle claw and Secretary of State Vance’s resignation).

Or you could look at how individuals performed differently when then

held the same office.

o These are just some examples to get you thinking. Please do not hesitate talk to

me about your ideas!

Memorandum Of Telephone Conversation Final Paper

RUBRIC

Excellent Quality

95-100%

Introduction

45-41 points

The context and relevance of the issue, as well as a clear description of the study aim, are presented. The history of searches is discussed.

Literature Support

91-84 points

The context and relevance of the issue, as well as a clear description of the study aim, are presented. The history of searches is discussed.

Methodology

58-53 points

With titles for each slide as well as bulleted sections to group relevant information as required, the content is well-organized. Excellent use of typeface, color, images, effects, and so on to improve readability and presenting content. The minimum length criterion of 10 slides/pages is reached.

Average Score

50-85%

40-38 points

More depth/information is required for the context and importance, otherwise the study detail will be unclear. There is no search history information supplied.

83-76 points

There is a review of important theoretical literature, however there is limited integration of research into problem-related ideas. The review is just partly focused and arranged. There is research that both supports and opposes. A summary of the material given is provided. The conclusion may or may not include a biblical integration.

52-49 points

The content is somewhat ordered, but there is no discernible organization. The use of typeface, color, graphics, effects, and so on may sometimes distract from the presenting substance. It is possible that the length criteria will not be reached.

Poor Quality

0-45%

37-1 points

The context and/or importance are lacking. There is no search history information supplied.

75-1 points

There has been an examination of relevant theoretical literature, but still no research concerning problem-related concepts has been synthesized. The review is just somewhat focused and organized. The provided overview of content does not include any supporting or opposing research. The conclusion has no scriptural references.

48-1 points

There is no logical or apparent organizational structure. There is no discernible logical sequence. The use of typeface, color, graphics, effects, and so on often detracts from the presenting substance. It is possible that the length criteria will not be reached.