Recognizing Folds and Faults

 Recognizing Folds and Faults

Instructions/Descriptions

GEOL 111 Lab Report on Recognizing Folds and Faults

Classifying and Recognizing Folds and Faults in Structural Geology

1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

The study of how geologic rock units are first structured and then distorted is known as structural geology. Awareness of geologic structures requires an understanding of changing spatial relations between geologic units, as well as the stress and strain that occurs during deformation processes. This lab’s goal is to understand and apply structural geology ideas to reading and interpreting geologic structures such as inclined beds, folds, and faults. The vocabulary and concepts of geologic structures will be given and examined, as well as the application of structural geology to mountain-building events and the methodologies used to analyze geologic structures. The three forms of graphic representations of geologic structures will also be highlighted and discussed: 1) geologic maps, 2) geologic cross-sections, and 3) block diagrams.

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The goal of this lab is to learn how to use structural geology principles to interpret surface and subsurface structural and geologic relationships, stress and strain regimes, and solve structural problems in geographic areas with a rock record of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary events, folding and faulting, and surface erosion

MEASUREMENT OF ROCK UNIT ATTITUDE II.

The spatial orientation of flat rock structures is known as attitude. To confine the orientation of a rock unit or surface in three-dimensional space, two characteristics of attitude are required: There are two types of strikes: strike and dip. The compass bearing of a line created by the intersection of a horizontal plane and the layered rock feature’s (inclined) plane is known as a strike. A strike might take the form of a quadrant or an azimuth bearing. The angle formed by the horizontal plane and the planar rock unit or feature is known as a dip. The dip is always perpendicular to the strike and always down the inclined plane. On geologic maps, strike and dip are represented by a “T-like” symbol, with the long part representing the strike and the short segment representing the dip. The dip angle is represented by a number nestled to the short segment. Geologists use a compass (strike) and an inclinometer to determine attitude (dip).

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1. Symbols on Geologic Maps

On geology maps, geologic symbols are used to identify one or more properties of the rock formation at the location where they (the symbols) are displayed on the map. The information pages on Canvas have some regularly used map icons (you will refer to these symbols for interpreting and making geologic maps, cross-sections, and block diagrams). 1) attitude (e.g., bedding or foliation strike and dip), 2) formation contacts, 3) fault lines (rock type, location, and planar orientation), 4) fold axes (type, location, and limb orientations), and 5) rock formation information are all represented by symbols on the map (type, name, and age). When working on geology maps and diagrams, you’ll need to be able to recognize and interpret these symbols.

1. Geologic Structures of Major Types

Formations are mappable rock units. Outcrops are places on the earth’s surface where rock formations are revealed. The spatial orientation of undisturbed rock formations such as sedimentary beds and lava flows is typically horizontal and planar. Shifting tectonic plates, on the other hand, create a variety of stresses in the crust that cause crustal deformation over time, including uplift, tilting, erosion, faulting, and folding of formations. The structural properties of faults and folds exposed at the earth’s surface in outcrops can be documented, mapped, identified, categorized, and evaluated. Examine the primary structural characteristics listed and detailed in the Canvas information pages. Part II will provide you the opportunity to examine these structures. The web address http://reynolds.asu.edu/blocks/menulist.htm provides a three-dimensional depiction of folds and faults. You will be able to interact with the fold and fault blocks on this website.

1. Vocabulary of Structure – Define the structural terminology listed below.

Outcropping –

Creating –

Strike – This is a strike.

dipping –

Getting in Touch –

Anticlines are a type of slope.

Synclines are a type of line that connects two points.

Plunge (Fold) –

a footwall is a barrier between two points.

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a wall that hangs –

Typical Fault –

Fault in the other direction –

The Thrust Fault is a type of fault that occurs when an object is pushed

Fault of Strike-Slip –

Slickensides are a type of slickensides.

III. MAPS AND DIAGRAMS OF 3D GEOLOGIC BLOCK

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The Earth’s crustal rock structures, which comprise 1) formations, 2) unconformities, 3) faults, 4) folds, and 5) topography, are represented in three-dimensional geologic block diagrams, which are scaled-down, abstract, simplistic representations or models. Block diagrams combine a geologic map (horizontal map-view) and geologic cross-sections into a three-dimensional representation (vertical side-views). Visualizing the 2-D representations as a 3-D structure is a key to successfully completing the block diagrams.

 Recognizing Folds and Faults

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