Examination of Ethical Issues in Finance Discussion Paper

December 7, 2022

Examination of Ethical Issues in Finance Discussion Paper

Order Number	636738393092
Type of Project	ESSAY
Writer Level	PHD VERIFIED
Format	APA
Academic Sources	10
Page Count	3-12 PAGES

Instructions/Descriptions

Examination of Ethical Issues in Finance Discussion Paper

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After reading the “Ethical Issues” box on page 330 of the required text, devise a plan that will minimize or reduce the impact of these cash flow estimation biases on effective decision-making.

The CFO of a firm you just started working for claims “we always have, and always will, use the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) as the rate to discount future expected cash flows from our proposed capital budgeting projects”. What do you think of this strategy?

Read section 11-4, pages 399 – 404 in the required text carefully.

Submission Instructions:

Your initial post should be at least 200 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points.

You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.)

ETHICAL ISSUES

Cash Flow Estimation Biases

The estimation of the cash flows associated with an investment project is the most important step in the capital expenditure evaluation process. If the cash flow estimates associated with a project are inten- tionally or unintentionally biased, a firm’s resources are unlikely to be allocated to the set of investment projects that will maximize shareholder wealth.

There are several reasons why managers might produce biased cash flow estimates when preparing capital expenditure project proposals. First, a manager might be tempted to overestimate the revenues or underestimate the costs associated with a project if the manager is attempting to expand the resource base over which he or she has control.

By biasing the estimates of a project’s cash flows upward, a manager is likely to receive a larger share of the investment resources of the firm. Because managerial compensa- tion is sometimes tied to the span of job responsibili- ties, managers may be tempted to expand this span of control at the expense of other areas in the firm.

Second, some firms tie employee compensation to performance relative to stated objectives—a compen- sation scheme often called management by objective. If a manager is confident that the best estimate of the cash flows from a proposed project is sufficiently large to guarantee project acceptance, the manager may be tempted to reduce these cash flow estimates to a level below the “most likely outcome” level, con- fident that the project will continue to be viewed as an acceptable investment and that it will be funded.

How- ever, once the project is under way, the project man- ager will feel less pressure to meet projected performance standards. The downward bias in the cash flow estimates provides a cushion that permits suboptimal management of the project while achiev- ing the objectives enunciated when the project was first proposed.

What impact does intentionally biasing cash flow estimates for investment projects have on achieving the goal of shareholder wealth maximization?

Post by classmate 1

Firms with higher leverage and capital intensity might not have a financial analyst or oversee the cash flow estimation process as most of the forecast could be executed by a simulation method based on past experience or market behavior through software. Firm’s use both types of estimates and measure of financial and operating risks might also need to benchmark themselves against the standard cash flow related ratio like liquidity ratios additionally to estimate risk free cash flow positions.

The more the economic life of a project the more uncertain would the pay-back period become and the timing of the discounted cash flows gain importance. More than multiple methods of forecasting, it is important to accurately estimate the discounting rate and cash flow streams over the economic life of the project.

The strategy of using WACC as a discount rate to discount the future expected future cash flows from the proposed capital budgeting projects is correct. The free cash flow to the firm must be discounted using WACC, while free cash flow to equity must be discounted using cost of equity.

Post by classmate 2

After reading the “Ethical Issues” box of the required text, I believe seeking diverse outside opinion to counter the overconfidence will lessen the impact of these cash flow estimation biases on effective decision-making. In addition, having a fresh pair of eyes or thoughts can help because it can provide a different perspective.

This can be vital when estimating cash flow. Another plan that can be used is to challenge the decision-making process. These plans can only be accomplished by realizing that one can influence and are influenced by the format of the information given.

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WACC is a financial metric and is commonly used to provide a discount rate for a financed project. This is because the cost of financing the capital is a fairly reasonable price tag to put on the investment.

I believe the CFO strategy of using WACC as a discount rate to discount the future expected future cash flows from the proposed capital budgeting projects is right. When reading about the materials in this module, one thing that I learned was that the free cash flow to the firm must be discounted using WACC, while free cash flow to equity must be discounted using the cost of equity.

References

McConnell, J. &. (1975). McConnell, J., & Sandberg, C. (1975). The Weighted Average Cost of Capital: Some Questions on Its Definition, Interpretation, and Use: Comment. The Journal of Finance, 30(3), 883-886.

Moyer, R. C., McGuigan, J. R., & Rao, R. (2018). Contemporary financial management. Mason, OH: Cengage-Southwestern.

Examination of Ethical Issues in Finance Discussion Paper

RUBRIC

Excellent Quality

95-100%

Introduction

45-41 points

The context and relevance of the issue, as well as a clear description of the study aim, are presented. The history of searches is discussed.

Literature Support

91-84 points

The context and relevance of the issue, as well as a clear description of the study aim, are presented. The history of searches is discussed.

Methodology

58-53 points

With titles for each slide as well as bulleted sections to group relevant information as required, the content is well-organized. Excellent use of typeface, color, images, effects, and so on to improve readability and presenting content. The minimum length criterion of 10 slides/pages is reached.

Average Score

50-85%

40-38 points

More depth/information is required for the context and importance, otherwise the study detail will be unclear. There is no search history information supplied.

83-76 points

There is a review of important theoretical literature, however there is limited integration of research into problem-related ideas. The review is just partly focused and arranged. There is research that both supports and opposes. A summary of the material given is provided. The conclusion may or may not include a biblical integration.

52-49 points

The content is somewhat ordered, but there is no discernible organization. The use of typeface, color, graphics, effects, and so on may sometimes distract from the presenting substance. It is possible that the length criteria will not be reached.

Poor Quality

0-45%

37-1 points

The context and/or importance are lacking. There is no search history information supplied.

75-1 points

There has been an examination of relevant theoretical literature, but still no research concerning problem-related concepts has been synthesized. The review is just somewhat focused and organized. The provided overview of content does not include any supporting or opposing research. The conclusion has no scriptural references.

48-1 points

There is no logical or apparent organizational structure. There is no discernible logical sequence. The use of typeface, color, graphics, effects, and so on often detracts from the presenting substance. It is possible that the length criteria will not be reached.