Alternative to Research Participation article research

Alternative to Research Participation article research

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Alternative to Research Participation 1 

Drew, T., Võ, M.L.H., & Wolfe, J.M. (2013).The invisible gorilla strikes again:Sustained

inattentional blindness in expert observers.Psychological Science, 24, 1848 – 1853.

Welcome to your assignment!Attached to this email you should find a .pdf copy of the article listed above.Your assignment is to read that article, and to answer the following questions to the best of your ability.This assignment is graded pass/fail; if you pass, you will receive one credit towards your PSY 101 research participation requirement.Also, if you are completing this assignment because you have been “locked” from signing up for other studies, passing will earn you an “unlock,” so that you can sign up for other studies.There is no penalty if you fail, but you do not get the research participation credit.Here are your instructions.

Read the attached article.

Write your answer to each of the listed questions, by hitting “Reply” in your email, and typing the answers into the body of the email, writing your answer immediately below each question.Your answers may be as long or as short as you need them to be.

Use complete sentences, and write in paragraph form.

Do not copy the work of anyone else, or share the work you do.Each of these assignments is stored electronically, and will be checked for plagiarism.

1. You have 48 hours from the time this email is sent to return your answers.That 48 hours will be based on the time stamp on your email (the 48 hour requirement will be waived if the IT department reports a disruption in email service during those 48 hours). 
2. It may take up to 72 hours to get your assignment graded, depending on volume.Here are your questions!

   Question 1.The topic of this paper is a phenomenon called inattentional blindness(which the authors abbreviate to ‘IB’ in the paper).What is the definition of this term, according to the paper?

   Question 2.The first part of the paper after the abstract is the “Introduction.”Most students are familiar with this part of the paper, because it is a review of other, previously published papers on the same topic – a literature review, as it were.For example, the authors of this paper mention Simons and Chabris (1999), which was the “first” IB paper (if you’re curious about the “gorilla,” Simons and Chabris had students watch a video of people passing a basketball, and required the students to count how many passes happened; about two thirds of the way through, a person in a gorilla suit walked through the middle of the scene, doing a little dance – and yet most of the students reported not even noticing the gorilla!).According to the authors, their study is different from the previous ones they mention in at least three ways.What are two of those differences?

   Question 3.The next section of the paper is headlined Design and Procedure, which psychologists usually think of as the “Methods” section.There are many technical details to this section of the paper, but the overall goal of this section is to allow replication.In the sciences, to replicate a study is to do the study over again, as close to exactly the same as it was originally done as is possible (except you’re using new participants, of course!).In writing a psychology paper, the Methods section is supposed to be detailed enough that you, the reader, could replicate the study if you wanted to, without having to ask the authors for any additional information.Do you think you could do this study in exactly the same way as did Drew and colleagues, without asking them any questions about the equipment or procedure for running the study – or would you need to ask a few questions?If you need to ask questions, tell me what you think the two most important questions to ask are.

   Question 4.The “Results” section of a paper is where the statistics are reported.The purpose of statistics is to summarize the data, so that we don’t need to try to read through a spreadsheet of numbers when we read about a study.You’ll learn more about statistics in other classes, but let’s look at two statistics here.The first is the “sample size” which is scientific lingo for “how many people did you have in the study?”The statistical symbols for sample size are N, for the total number of people in that experiment or study, and n, for the total number of people in one of the groups in the study.  For example, in the Methods section’s first two paragraphs, you can see there were 24 radiologists in experiment 1, and that 9 were tested in Boston, with the other 15 tested in Louisville, KY.So for experiment 1, N = 24, n = 9 for Boston, and n = 15 for Louisville.  For the first part of this question, write down the Ns for each experiment (be sure to tell me which N is for which experiment!).

   To most people who aren’t scientists, these Ns probably seem way too small to “trust” the results of the paper as being true in the wider world.But that’s where the other statistic we’re going to look at comes in: the statistic p.You might remember from middle school or high school that p is the symbol for “probability” – in this case, “what is the probability that I would have gotten these results if there really was no effect in the wider world?” or “what is the probability I got these results by chance?”By tradition, if p is less than .05 (that is, if there’s less than a 5% chance these results would have happened by chance), we say “there is an effect in the wider world.”What does all that really mean?It means that p is a statistic that “controls for” the sample size.In other words, if p < .05, the sample size really IS big enough for us to trust the results of the study in the wider world.For example, the first paragraph of the Experiment 2 section of the paper says “As expected, radiologists were much better at detecting lung nodules than were naïve observers … p < .001.”This means the 24 radiologists did much better on average than did the 25 naïve observers – so much better that we could expect radiologists to consistently do better than naïve observers, all over the world (and wouldn’t you hope that would be true, after all, because we pay the radiologists to be experts!).

   There are four other p statistics in the Results section of the paper.Write out each of those p-values, and what each one means, in the same format as the example I just showed you.

   Question 5.The last content area of a scientific paper is the Discussion (or “Conclusion”) section.The authors are supposed to write three things in this section.First, they are to summarize their findings (which amounts to writing the Results section over again, but using only words, with no statistics).Second, the authors get to speculate about WHY they found what they found.Third, the authors are supposed to explain any “Limitations” (or weaknesses) about their paper.In this paper, there were no real surprises in the results: radiologists were better than naïve observers, but both groups failed to notice a gorilla in the patient’s chest x-ray at an alarming rate.The one problem in the data that the authors address is that radiologists were only right about 55% of the time, on average, which is pretty depressing for those of us who might someday need a chest x-ray!So, for this question, tell me two things: what is the author’s explanation for their results, and why do they argue that we shouldn’t be depressed by how poorly the radiologists did?

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Alternative to Research Participation article research

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