ELEC 308 Assessment of Nano-Science and Nanotechnology

ELEC 308 Assessment of Nano-Science and Nanotechnology Paper

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ELEC 308 Assessment of Nano-Science and Nanotechnology Paper

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Abstract

Nanotechnology has nowadays become the most amazing study in many fields such as civil engineering, chemical engineering, electronics, and medicine. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale (Abdullah-Al-Shafi, 2016). This, therefore, means that at its essence, it is the science of how to use small things in the advancement of technology.

Introduction

The devices that use wireless communication ranges from RFID tags to television set receivers and satellites to mobile phones. The availability of internet access from mobile devices is growing at an exponential rate that causes rising demand on the wireless network and mobile devices’ performance. As the type of activities that consumers are engaging in over the wireless connections is changing day in day out, it has been an increased need for the devices to change also.

For instance, in radios, the increasing quantity of mobile internet traffic there has been increased the need for additional frequency for support. The modern world is becoming an intelligent interactive environment that has needs novel autonomous sensors with wireless communication links that require to be incorporated into an everyday object.

This is the reason why sensors that are nano-enabled integrated with small RF transceivers are useful in monitoring air quality, water pollution among other aspects. The main drivers of changing into nanotechnology in wireless devices are needed for high performance, reduced consumption of power as well as reduced compact size.

Background

In nanotechnology, a semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator (Neupane, et al., 2019). In these semiconductors, the energy band that is highly occupied is filled with electrons completely and the next that is empty is the conduction band.

The semiconductors resistivity can be altered by up to 10 orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors nanocrystals are made from various compounds. They are normally referred to as II-IV, III-V or IV-VI semiconductors’ nanocrystals. This is basing on the periodic table groups where there are three elements formed.

Semiconductor nanowires are a unique system that will be in the future to be used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. It has been shown that if the semiconductor materials are minimized, their performance is maximized for their application in a wide range of material applications.

Nanotechnology applications

Nano-antennas, Nano-transceivers, and Nano-networks / Communications

With the increasing services of wireless communication like paging, cellular phones as well as emerging personal communication there in need of wireless applications.

Nanomaterials are materials that posse’s one external dimension of 1-100nm which occurs naturally as a byproduct of combustion reaction or they are produced purposefully through engineering to perform a specialized action. Metamaterial antennas use metamaterials to improve the small antenna systems’ performance. Just like other systems, they are aimed at launching energy into free space.

This class of antennae, however, is made by using materials that are engineered with microscopic structures aimed at producing unusual physical properties. These types of antennas as if they are much larger than their usual size something that is caused by their novel structure as well as their capability of re-radiating energy.

These antennas help in applications such as in the portable interaction with satellites, wide-angle beam steering, and communication with emergency devices among others. On the other hand, nano-antenna arrays are important devices that are used in converting propagating radiation into the confined nanoscale. In simple terms, these are the visible spectrum counterpart of the microwave and the radiofrequency antennas.

Nanotechnology is providing a new set of tools to the engineering community for designing and manufacturing electronic components. Plasmonic nano can realize competent wireless links between optical nanocircuit components.

Nanoscale communication network scheme and energy model for a human hand

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scenario

Bluetooth receivers vary, some being nano receivers. However, not all nano receivers use Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth receivers normally employ 2.4 GHz band radio communication thus they can link multiple devices together. USB receivers were used before the coming of the nano wireless receivers.

They protruded on the side of the USB port of a laptop something that posed inconveniences and the user was required to plug in and remove them after every use which was risky as well. However, unlike USB receivers’ nano wireless receivers are designed in a way that they are always left in the port of the laptop at all times. They are very small and fit snugly into the computer’s side thus reducing the risk of damage.

Wireless technology allows communication without the use of cables or wires. For instance, the nano wireless receiver is used in aiding the users to link devices like wireless mouse and keyboard to the computer (Hassan, et al., 2017). They are similar to USB receivers but they are much smaller and more convenient.

Molecular communication allows the communication of nanomachines using molecules as the carrier of communication. This provides an attractive opportunity of precisely regulating biological signaling in nanomedicine applications of the body area network. MC is a promising technology that is inspired by biological mechanisms and activities in nature such as the communication of the hormones between ants and the signaling of neurons in the body of human beings.

Telecommunication

In communication systems, mobile devices that have a high level of computation and communication require an intelligent way of sensing during interaction with another human environment. nanotechnology sensors in mobile devices will help in entrenching devices in the environment of humans bringing in new platforms of permitting ever-present sensing and computing.

When integrated with the IoT, it will be easier to interact with humans and machines efficiently. It will also provide a way of linking devices of health nanoparticles with the internet. For instance, Nanosensor networks have proved to be crucial in several ways.

Nanosensors are nanoscale devices that are used in measuring physical quantities and converting them to signals that are detectable and which are later analyzed. Nanosensors are made using either top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly or molecular self-assembly.

Various nanosensors are I the market today and used in the development of various applications. Although different sensors are used in measuring different things, they all share similar workflows. Modern nanosensors are currently used in healthcare, defense, and military and agriculture.

Fiber optic cables are used to carry information between different places through the use of optical technology. “For instance, if one wants to send information from a computer using fiber optics, one hooks up the computer to a laser thereby converting electrical information from the computer into a series of light pulses then fire the laser down the fiber optic cable” (Willner, 2019).

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The recipient requires having a photoelectric cell for turning the pulses of light into electrical information that the recipient’s computer will understand. Fiber optics are the main way of carrying information over a long distance because they have less attenuation, there is no interference and they have higher bandwidth. The fiber optics are also used in broadcasting, medicine, and in the military.

Carbon nanotubes are said to contain remarkable mechanical and electrical properties that make them very good in the designing of a nano electrochemical system. For instance, carbon nanotubes are said to help boost communications. This technology may help in the improvement of everything from 5G to the tactical radios.

This is because carbon nanotubes offer a broad scope of promises since they can be fabricated into transistors replacing the convectional metal oxide semiconductors that are used in radio frequency systems. These nanotubes pave way for lesser expensive chips which are capable of eliminating the many drawbacks that plague radio systems.

The military sensing equipment is also among the beneficiaries of nanotube technology because radar receivers can perform better from circuitry based on this technology. This is because this technology will boost dynamic range allowing a receiver picking out a very small signal amid high interference environment.

Nanotechnology in 5G Wireless Communication Network

By using the 5G network, will enhance improved radar image resolution as well as faster data transfer within the network. The 5G wireless communication system is said to be a congregated system consisting of numerous radio access expertise that is incorporated together for efficiency.

This, therefore, means that it becomes possible supporting a broader range of applications and services something that will help in expansively satisfying the necessities of the society information wise. It uses the flat IP concept as well as nanotechnology as a self-protective device for safety concerns arising due to flat IP (Jamthe, & Bhande, S2017).

The flat IP provides a new of identifying devices by the use of symbolic names, unlike the method that has been used previously in the normal IP address in the hieratical architecture. The hotly anticipated 5G technology is said to the game changer in mobile networking.

The major difference that exists between 5G and 4G is that the former is thought to be much quicker, smarter and more proficient than the latter. 5G guarantees mobile data velocities that are capable of outstripping the top home broadband network. Since it has a speed of 100 gigabits per second, it means that it will be 100 times much faster than the 4G.

5G will help in fixing the bandwidth issues since the 4G network does not have the infrastructure of coping effectively. 5G uses the new technology known as Massive MIMO using manifold targeted teams to focus and track customers around every cell site thus improving area covered, rapidity, and competence.

“An all-IP network is a packet-based network that involves transferring all data the same way and independent of the access or the transport technology” (Alkandari, et al., 2017). An IP is different from the web in that, ell-IP dos do not mean that the providers put their services onto the public web but rather, it is an adoption of IP based technology that is under the management of the distribution network.

For instance, the bandwidth all-IP voice network allows the users to use cutting edge technologies in exposing more control and capabilities to the users leveraging bandwidth IP voice network for VoIP services. This, therefore, allows fast automated provisioning, quick failover as well as redundant rooting for voice traffic, access to phone numbers nationally.

BDMA is a Korean R&D devised for new access techniques. Beam division multiple access do not utilize time and frequency resource sharing. In this technology, all beams are different for different stations at different angles. This, therefore, is to means that, the mobile stations that are at the matching angle can as well be tackled by the identical solitary base station on breadth, route and beam numbers.

This, therefore, solves the problem of bandwidth, capacity, and efficiency eliminating signal deterioration at the cell edge. Today, electronics are becoming more and more ubiquitous. Integrated nanomaterials are important for extreme thermal management.

Nanomaterials play a disrupting role in thermal management for high power electronics in aerospace platforms. Reducing the form factor helps in amplifying the intensity of the thermal loads imposing an extreme requirement for thermal management for reliable operation (Alkandari, et al., 2017).

In the storage of information, recordings require a considerable capacity limit. Hard drives that are used in computers normally consume more power and are at risk of failing than solid-state memory without moving parts. The nanomagnetic wires which are made of iron and nickel are being used in the creation of dense memory devices. This, therefore, creates a wide memory.

Applications like drug targeting have spurred in and theoretical molecular communications. Various tentative studies have established different communication molecular components. It has, however, remains a challenge realizing an effusive practical artificial nanoscale molecular communication system. Small Testbeds have been projected based on alcohol spraying in open space as well as signaling with acids and bases for signaling within closed vessels.

The thought behind Datoos is that people will not be required to carry their laptops with them because they will easily access the World Wide Web by the use of their bodies. This will mean that the human bodies will, therefore, become computer interfaces as there will be the implantation of the recycling materials into the body of human beings (Lakshmi, & DhanaLakshmi, 2019).

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The major challenges are that the manufacturing cost will be very high since the technology requires a lot of research. The introduction of new materials will in most cases have dangers therefore; nanotechnology requires committed to the research of the biological risks involved (Padmavathi, et al., 2018).

Nanotechnology-Enabled Wireless Devices

Tunable radio components provide a technical introduction into the state of art in the RF components, circuits and applications. Through practical viewpoints, scientists have discovered the ways of using RF techniques and devices in developing a successful product design. For instance, antennas and antenna are tuning that reflect the dominance of the antenna tuning app (Eid, et al., 2018).

Modern electronic systems are working at increasingly operational speed. This is because the higher the speed the more convectional circuit and components stop working high-frequency electronics are electronics dealing with rapidly changing voltages.

IoT is a system with unified computing devices that are presented with distinctive identifiers thus being able to transfer data over a network with no necessitating of a human-to-human interaction or human-computer interaction.

When it comes to the body area network, wireless sensors are placed inside the patient’s body aimed at collecting biomedical data. The biosensors are used in generating data and transmitting them to sinks for storage. These developments are meant to reducing healthcare costs and increase the average life expectancy of individuals in the coming years.

Future nanotechnology areas

Nanomaterials are opening doors for a hypertext era where electronics and information communication are soon becoming ubiquitous. This has been achieved through transiting from traditional and nanotechnology electronics (Fraceto, et a., 2018). This, therefore, means that the nanoscale transistor is faster and energy-efficient.

This means that soon or later the entire memory of a computer will be stored on one chip. The current application of nanoscale materials includes the use of thin coatings in electronics and active surfaces.

Conclusions

In conclusion, nanomaterials will be the next industrial revolution as well as the telecommunication industry. Shortly, the nanoscale will provide a platform for improving the performance in these fields.

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References

Abdullah-Al-Shafi, M. (2016). Analysis of Fredkin logic circuit in nanotechnology: An efficient approach. International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, 9(2), 371-380.Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md_Abdullah-Al-Shafi/publication/297894208_Analysis_of_Fredkin_Logic_Circuit_in_Nanotechnology_An_Efficient_Approach/links/56e83ef608ae9bcb3e1cb224/Analysis-of-Fredkin-Logic-Circuit-in-Nanotechnology-An-Efficient-Approach.pdf

Alkandari, A., Almesri, Z., & Moein, S. (2017). Nanotechnology Applications: an Analytic Comparison. Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research, 7(2), 67-80. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdulrahman_Alkandari/publication/326625085_Nanotechnology_Applications_an_Analytic_Comparison/links/5b598fc8a6fdccf0b2f84b24/Nanotechnology-Applications-an-Analytic-Comparison.pdf

Eid, A., Hester, J., Fang, Y., Tehrani, B., Nauroze, S. A., Bahr, R., & Tentzeris, M. M. (2018). Nanotechnology-Empowered Flexible Printed Wireless Electronics. Retrieved from: http://tentzeris.ece.gatech.edu/nano19_eid.pdf

Fraceto, L. F., de Lima, R., Oliveira, H. C., Ávila, D. S., & Chen, B. (2018). Future trends in nanotechnology aiming for environmental applications. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-018-0087-x

Hassan, S. M., Ibrahim, R., Bingi, K., Chung, T. D., & Saad, N. (2017). Application of wireless technology for control: A WirelessHART perspective. Procedia Computer Science, 105(supplement C), 240-247. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sabo_Hassan/publication/314122218_Application_of_Wireless_Technology_for_Control_A_WirelessHART_Perspective/links/58b6bf3caca27261e51a03f8/Application-of-Wireless-Technology-for-Control-A-WirelessHART-Perspective.pdf

ELEC 308 Assessment of Nano-Science and Nanotechnology Paper

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